Biosensors for Brain Trauma and Dual Laser Doppler
Flowmetry: Enoxaparin Simultaneously Reduces
Stroke-Induced Dopamine and Blood Flow while Enhancing Serotonin and Blood Flow in Motor Neurons of Brain,
In Vivo Patricia A. Broderick 1,2,3,* and Edwin H. Kolodny 3
1 Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, CCNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
2 Departments Biology, Psychology, City University of New York Graduate School, New York, NY
10031, USA
3 Department. Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center, NYU Comprehensive
Epilepsy Center, New York, NY 10031, USA
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: broderick@med.cuny.edu;
Patricia.Broderick@nyumc.org; president@broderickonline.org; Tel.: +1-212-650-5479;
+1-718-931-7232 (International); Fax: +1-212-650-7305; +1-347-810-5352 (International).
Received: 26 October 2010; in revised form: 18 November 2010 / Accepted: 6 December 2010 /
Published: 24 December 2010
Abstract: Neuromolecular Imaging (NMI) based on adsorptive electrochemistry,
combined with Dual Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) is presented herein to investigate the
brain neurochemistry affected by enoxaparin (Lovenox®), an antiplatelet/antithrombotic
medication for stroke victims. NMI with miniature biosensors enables neurotransmitter and
neuropeptide (NT) imaging; each NT is imaged with a response time in milliseconds. A semiderivative electronic reduction circuit images several NT’s selectively and separately
within a response time of minutes. A spatial resolution of NMI biosensors is in the range of nanomicrons and electrochemically-induced current ranges are in pico- and nano-amperes.
Simultaneously with NMI, the LDF technology presented herein operates on line by
illuminating the living brain, in this example, in dorso-striatal neuroanatomic substrates
via a laser sensor with low power laser light containing optical fiber light guides. NMI
biotechnology with BRODERICK PROBE® biosensors has a distinct advantage over
conventional electrochemical methodologies both in the novelty of biosensor formulations and
on-line imaging capabilities in the biosensor field. NMI with unique biocompatible biosensors precisely images NT in the body, blood, and brain of animals and humans using characteristic experimentally derived half-wave potentials driven by oxidative electron transfer. Enoxaparin is a first line clinical treatment prescribed to halt the progression of
acute ischemic stroke (AIS).
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